Secreted Protein Acidic and Rich in Cysteine (SPARC) Protein SRM/MRM Assay

ABSTRACT

The current disclosure provides for specific peptides, and derived ionization characteristics of the peptides, from the Secreted Protein Acidic and Rich in Cysteine (SPARC) protein that are particularly advantageous for quantifying the SPARC protein directly in biological samples that have been fixed in formalin by the method of Selected Reaction Monitoring (SRM) mass spectrometry, or what can also be termed as Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) mass spectrometry. Such biological samples are chemically preserved and fixed wherein said biological sample is selected from tissues and cells treated with formaldehyde containing agents/fixatives including formalin-fixed tissue/cells, formalin-fixed/paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue/cells, FFPE tissue blocks and cells from those blocks, and tissue culture cells that have been formalin fixed and or paraffin embedded. A protein sample is prepared from said biological sample using the Liquid Tissue™ reagents and protocol and the SPARC protein is quantitated in the Liquid Tissue™ sample by the method of SRM/MRM mass spectrometry by quantitating in the protein sample at least one or more of the peptides described. These peptides can be quantitated if they reside in a modified or an unmodified form. An example of a modified form of an SPARC peptide is phosphorylation of a tyrosine, threonine, serine, and/or other amino acid residues within the peptide sequence.

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application 61/289,383, filed Dec. 22, 2009, entitled “Secreted Protein Acidic and Rich in Cysteine (SPARC) Protein SRM Assay” naming as an inventor David B. Krizman, the entirety of which is incorporated by reference.

INTRODUCTION

Specific peptides derived from subsequences of the Secreted Protein Acidic and Rich in Cysteine protein and which will be referred to as SPARC, and which can also be referred to as basement-membrane protein 40 protein and Osteonectin, are provided. The peptide sequence and fragmentation/transition ions for each peptide are particularly useful in a mass spectrometry-based Selected Reaction Monitoring (SRM), which can also be referred to as a Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) assay, and will be referred to as SRM/MRM. The use of one such peptide for SRM/MRM quantitative analysis of the SPARC protein is described.

This SRM/MRM assay can be used to measure relative or absolute quantitative levels of one or more of the specific peptides from the SPARC protein and therefore provide a means of measuring the amount of the SPARC protein in a given protein preparation obtained from a biological sample by mass spectrometry.

More specifically, the SRM/MRM assay can measure these peptides directly in complex protein lysate samples prepared from cells procured from patient tissue samples, such as formalin fixed cancer patient tissue. Methods of preparing protein samples from formalin-fixed tissue are described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,473,532, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by references in their entirety. The methods described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,473,532 may conveniently be carried out using Liquid Tissue™ reagents and protocol available from Expression Pathology Inc. (Rockville, Md.).

The most widely and advantageously available form of tissues from cancer patients tissue is formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue. Formaldehyde/formalin fixation of surgically removed tissue is by far and away the most common method of preserving cancer tissue samples worldwide and is the accepted convention for standard pathology practice. Aqueous solutions of formaldehyde are referred to as formalin. “100%” formalin consists of a saturated solution of formaldehyde (this is about 40% by volume or 37% by mass) in water, with a small amount of stabilizer, usually methanol to limit oxidation and degree of polymerization. The most common way in which tissue is preserved is to soak whole tissue for extended periods of time (8 hours to 48 hours) in aqueous formaldehyde, commonly termed 10% neutral buffered formalin, followed by embedding the fixed whole tissue in paraffin wax for long term storage at room temperature. Thus molecular analytical methods to analyze formalin fixed cancer tissue will be the most accepted and heavily utilized methods for analysis of cancer patient tissue.

Results from the SRM/MRM assay can be used to correlate accurate and precise quantitative levels of the SPARC protein within the specific tissue samples (e.g., cancer tissue sample) of the patient or subject from whom the tissue (biological sample) was collected and preserved. This not only provides diagnostic information about the cancer, but also permits a physician or other medical professional to determine appropriate therapy for the patient. Such an assay that provides diagnostically and therapeutically important information about levels of protein expression in a diseased tissue or other patient sample is termed a companion diagnostic assay. For example, such an assay can be designed to diagnose the stage or degree of a cancer and determine a therapeutic agent to which a patient is most likely to respond.

SUMMARY

The assays described herein measure relative or absolute levels of specific unmodified peptides from the SPARC protein and also can measure absolute or relative levels of specific modified peptides from the SPARC protein. Examples of modifications include phosphorylated amino acid residues and glycosylated amino acid residues that are present on the peptides.

Relative quantitative levels of the SPARC protein are determined by the SRM/MRM methodology for example by comparing SRM/MRM signature peak areas (e.g., signature peak area or integrated fragment ion intensity) of an individual SPARC peptide in different samples. Alternatively, it is possible to compare multiple SRM/MRM signature peak areas for multiple SPARC signature peptides, where each peptide has its own specific SRM/MRM signature peak, to determine the relative SPARC protein content in one biological sample with the SPARC protein content in one or more additional or different biological samples. In this way, the amount of a particular peptide, or peptides, from the SPARC protein, and therefore the amount of the SPARC protein, is determined relative to the same SPARC peptide, or peptides, across 2 or more biological samples under the same experimental conditions. In addition, relative quantitation can be determined for a given peptide, or peptides, from the SPARC protein within a single sample by comparing the signature peak area for that peptide by SRM/MRM methodology to the signature peak area for another and different peptide, or peptides, from a different protein, or proteins, within the same protein preparation from the biological sample. In this way, the amount of a particular peptide from the SPARC protein, and therefore the amount of the SPARC protein, is determined relative one to another within the same sample. These approaches generate quantitation of an individual peptide, or peptides, from the SPARC protein to the amount of another peptide, or peptides, between samples and within samples wherein the amounts as determined by peak area are relative one to another, regardless of the absolute weight to volume or weight to weight amounts of the SPARC peptide in the protein preparation from the biological sample. Relative quantitative data about individual signature peak areas between different samples are normalized to the amount of protein analyzed per sample. Relative quantitation can be performed across many peptides from multiple proteins and the SPARC protein simultaneously in a single sample and/or across many samples to gain insight into relative protein amounts, one peptide/protein with respect to other peptides/proteins.

Absolute quantitative levels of the SPARC protein are determined by, for example, the SRM/MRM methodology whereby the SRM/MRM signature peak area of an individual peptide from the SPARC protein in one biological sample is compared to the SRM/MRM signature peak area of a spiked internal standard. In one embodiment, the internal standard is a synthetic version of the same exact SPARC peptide that contains one or more amino acid residues labeled with one or more heavy isotopes. Such isotope labeled internal standards are synthesized so that when analyzed by mass spectrometry it generates a predictable and consistent SRM/MRM signature peak that is different and distinct from the native SPARC peptide signature peak and which can be used as a comparator peak. Thus when the internal standard is spiked into a protein preparation from a biological sample in known amounts and analyzed by mass spectrometry, the SRM/MRM signature peak area of the native peptide is compared to the SRM/MRM signature peak area of the internal standard peptide, and this numerical comparison indicates either the absolute molarity and/or absolute weight of the native peptide present in the original protein preparation from the biological sample. Absolute quantitative data for fragment peptides are displayed according to the amount of protein analyzed per sample. Absolute quantitation can be performed across many peptides, and thus proteins, simultaneously in a single sample and/or across many samples to gain insight into absolute protein amounts in individual biological samples and in entire cohorts of individual samples.

The SRM/MRM assay method can be used to aid diagnosis of the stage of cancer, for example, directly in patient-derived tissue, such as formalin fixed tissue, and to aid in determining which therapeutic agent would be most advantageous for use in treating that patient. Cancer tissue that is removed from a patient either through surgery, such as for therapeutic removal of partial or entire tumors, or through biopsy procedures conducted to determine the presence or absence of suspected disease, is analyzed to determine whether or not a specific protein, or proteins, and which forms of proteins, are present in that patient tissue. Moreover, the expression level of a protein, or multiple proteins, can be determined and compared to a “normal” or reference level found in healthy tissue. Normal or reference levels of proteins found in healthy tissue may be derived from, for example, the relevant tissues of one or more individuals that do not have cancer. Alternatively, normal or reference levels may be obtained for individuals with cancer by analysis of relevant tissues not affected by the cancer. Assays of protein levels (e.g., SPARC levels) can also be used to diagnose the stage of cancer in a patient or subject diagnosed with cancer by employing the SPARC levels. Levels or amounts of proteins or peptides can be defined as the quantity expressed in moles, mass or weight of a protein or peptide determined by the SRM/MRM assay. The level or amount may be normalized to total the level or amount of protein or another component in the lysate analyzed (e.g., expressed in micromoles/microgram of protein or micrograms/microgram of protein). In addition, the level or amount of a protein or peptide may be determined on volume basis, expressed, for example, in micromolar or nanograms/microliter. The level or amount of protein or peptide as determined by the SRM/MRM assay can also be normalized to the number of cells analyzed. Information regarding SPARC can thus be used to aid in determining stage or grade of a cancer by correlating the level of the SPARC protein (or fragment peptides of the SPARC protein) with levels observed in normal tissues. Once the stage and/or grade, and/or SPARC protein expression characteristics of the cancer has been determined, that information can be matched to a list of therapeutic agents (chemical and biological) developed to specifically treat cancer tissue that is characterized by, for example, abnormal expression of the protein or protein(s) (e.g., SPARC) that were assayed. Matching information from an SPARC protein assay to a list of therapeutic agents that specifically targets, for example, the SPARC protein or cells/tissue expressing the protein, defines what has been termed a personalized medicine approach to treating disease. The assay methods described herein form the foundation of a personalized medicine approach by using analysis of proteins from the patient's own tissue as a source for diagnostic and treatment decisions.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1, parts A to C, show an example of an SRM/MRM assay of a single peptide from the SPARC protein performed on Liquid Tissue™ lysates with quantitation of the SPARC peptide conducted on a triplequadrupole mass spectrometer.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In principle, any predicted peptide derived from SPARC protein, prepared for example by digesting with a protease of known specificity (e.g. trypsin), can be used as a surrogate reporter to determine the abundance of SPARC protein in a sample using a mass spectrometry-based SRM/MRM assay. Similarly, any predicted peptide sequence containing an amino acid residue at a site that is known to be potentially modified in SPARC protein also might potentially be used to assay the extent of modification of SPARC protein in a sample.

SPARC fragment peptides may be generated by a variety of means including by the use of the Liquid Tissue™ protocol provided in U.S. Pat. No. 7,473,532. The Liquid Tissue™ protocol and reagents are capable of producing peptide samples suitable for mass spectroscopic analysis from formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue by proteolytic digestion of the proteins in the tissue/biological sample. In the Liquid Tissue™ protocol the tissue/biological is heated in a buffer for an extended period of time (e.g., from about 80° C. to about 100° C. for a period of time from about 10 minutes to about 4 hours) to reverse or release protein cross-linking. The buffer employed is a neutral buffer, (e.g., a Tris-based buffer, or a buffer containing a detergent). Following heat treatment the tissue/biological sample is treated with one or more proteases, including but not limited to trypsin, chymotrypsin, pepsin, and endoproteinase Lys-C for a time sufficient to disrupt the tissue and cellular structure of said biological sample and to liquefy said sample (e.g., a period of time from 30 minutes to 24 hours at a temperature from 37° C. to 65° C.). The result of the heating and proteolysis is a liquid, soluble, dilutable biomolecule lysate.

Surprisingly, it was found that many potential peptide sequences from the SPARC protein are unsuitable or ineffective for use in mass spectrometry-based SRM/MRM assays for reasons that are not immediately evident. As it was not possible to predict the most suitable peptides for MRM/SRM assay, it was necessary to experimentally identify modified and unmodified peptides in actual Liquid Tissue™ lysates to develop a reliable and accurate SRM/MRM assay for the SPARC protein. While not wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that some peptides might, for example, be difficult to detect by mass spectrometry as they do not ionize well or produce fragments distinct from other proteins, peptides may also fail to resolve well in separation (e.g., liquid chromatography), or adhere to glass or plastic ware.

SPARC peptides found in various embodiments of this disclosure (e.g., Tables 1 and 2) were derived from the SPARC protein by protease digestion of all the proteins within a complex Liquid Tissue™ lysate prepared from cells procured from formalin fixed cancer tissue. Unless noted otherwise, in each instance the protease was trypsin. The Liquid Tissue™ lysate was then analyzed by mass spectrometry to determine those peptides derived from the SPARC protein that are detected and analyzed by mass spectrometry. Identification of a specific preferred subset of peptides for mass-spectrometric analysis is based on; 1) experimental determination of which peptide or peptides from a protein ionize in mass spectrometry analyses of Liquid Tissue™ lysates, and 2) the ability of the peptide to survive the protocol and experimental conditions used in preparing a Liquid Tissue™ lysate. This latter property extends not only to the amino acid sequence of the peptide but also to the ability of a modified amino acid residue within a peptide to survive in modified form during the sample preparation.

TABLE 1 SEQ ID NO Peptide Sequence SEQ ID NO: 1 IHENEK SEQ ID NO: 2 APLIPMEHCTTR SEQ ID NO: 3 LHLDYIGPCK SEQ ID NO: 4 LEAGDHPVELLAR SEQ ID NO: 5 NVLVTLYER SEQ ID NO: 6 DEDNNLLTEK SEQ ID NO: 7 YIPPCLDSELTEFPLR SEQ ID NO: 8 FFETCDLDNDK SEQ ID NO: 9 TFDSSCHFFATK

TABLE 2 Mono Precursor Peptide Isotopic Charge Precursor Transition Ion SEQ ID sequence Mass State m/z m/z Type SEQ ID LEAGDHPVELLAR 1418.752 3 473.9240112 601.366 y5 NO: 4 3 473.9240112 700.435 y6 3 473.9240112 797.487 y7 3 473.924 589.32 y11 3 473.924 653.841 y12 SEQ ID NVLVTLYER 1105.613 2 553.8129883 681.3561 y5 NO: 5 2 553.8129883 780.425 y6 2 553.8129883 893.509 y7 SEQ ID LHLDYIGPCK 1157.59 2 579.802 680.343 y6 NO: 3 2 579.802 795.37 y7 2 579.802 908.454 y8 SEQ ID DEDNNLLTEK 1189.546 2 595.78 603.371 y5 NO: 6 2 595.7800293 717.4136 y6 2 595.7800293 831.4565 y7 2 595.7800293 946.4835 y8

Protein lysates from cells procured directly from formalin (formaldehyde) fixed tissue were prepared using the Liquid Tissue™ reagents and protocol that entails collecting cells into a sample tube via tissue microdissection followed by heating the cells in the Liquid Tissue™ buffer for an extended period of time. Once the formalin-induced cross linking has been negatively affected, the tissue/cells are then digested to completion in a predictable manner using a protease, as for example including but not limited to the protease trypsin. Each protein lysate is turned into a collection of peptides by digestion of intact polypeptides with the protease. Each Liquid Tissue™ lysate was analyzed (e.g., by ion trap mass spectrometry) to perform multiple global proteomic surveys of the peptides where the data was presented as identification of as many peptides as could be identified by mass spectrometry from all cellular proteins present in each protein lysate. An ion trap mass spectrometer or another form of a mass spectrometer that is capable of performing global profiling for identification of as many peptides as possible from a single complex protein/peptide lysate is employed. Ion trap mass spectrometers however may be the best type of mass spectrometer for conducting global profiling of peptides. Although SRM/MRM assay can be developed and performed on any type of mass spectrometer, including a MALDI, ion trap, or triple quadrupole, the most advantageous instrument platform for SRM/MRM assay is often considered to be a triple quadrupole instrument platform.

Once as many peptides as possible were identified in a single MS analysis of a single lysate under the conditions employed, then that list of peptides was collated and used to determine the proteins that were detected in that lysate. That process was repeated for multiple Liquid Tissue™ lysates, and the very large list of peptides was collated into a single dataset. That type of dataset can be considered to represent the peptides that can be detected in the type of biological sample that was analyzed (after protease digestion), and specifically in a Liquid Tissue™ lysate of the biological sample, and thus includes the peptides for specific proteins, such as for example the SPARC protein.

In one embodiment, the SPARC tryptic peptides identified as useful in the determination of absolute or relative amounts of the SPARC receptor include one or more, two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, eight or more, or ten or more of the peptides of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO: 8, and SEQ ID NO:9, each of which are listed in Table 1. Each of those peptides was detected by mass spectrometry in Liquid Tissue™ lysates prepared from formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue. Thus, each of the peptides in Table 1, or any combination of those peptides (e.g., one or more, two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, eight or more, or ten or more of those peptides recited in Table 1, and particularly combinations with one or more of the peptides found in Table 2) are candidates for use in quantitative SRM/MRM assay for the SPARC protein in human biological samples, including directly in formalin fixed patient tissue.

The SPARC tryptic peptides listed in Table 1 include those detected from multiple Liquid Tissue™ lysates of multiple different formalin fixed tissues of different human organs including prostate, colon, and breast. Each of those peptides is considered useful for quantitative SRM/MRM assay of the SPARC protein in formalin fixed tissue. Further data analysis of these experiments indicated no preference is observed for any specific peptides from any specific organ site. Thus, each of these peptides is believed to be suitable for conducting SRM/MRM assays of the SPARC protein on a Liquid Tissue™ lysate from any formalin fixed tissue originating from any biological sample or from any organ site in the body.

In one embodiment the peptides in Table 1, or any combination of those peptides (e.g., one or more, two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, eight or more, or nine or more of those peptides recited in Table 1, and particularly combinations with the peptides also found in Table 2) are assayed by methods that do not rely upon mass spectroscopy, including, but not limited to, immunological methods (e.g., Western blotting or ELISA). Regardless of how information directed to the amount of the peptide(s) (absolute or relative) is obtained, the information may be employed in any of the methods described herein, including indicating (diagnosing) the presence of cancer in a subject, determining the stage/grade/status of the cancer, providing a prognosis, or determining the therapeutics or treatment regimen for a subject/patient.

Embodiments of the present disclosure include compositions comprising one or more, two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, or eight or more of the peptides in Table 1. In some embodiments, the compositions comprise one or more, two or more, or three or more of the peptides in Table 2. Compositions comprising peptides may include one or more, two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, seven or more, or eight or more peptides that are isotopically labeled. Each of the peptides may be labeled with one or more isotopes selected independently from the group consisting of: ¹⁸O, ¹⁷O, ³⁴S, ¹⁵N, ¹³C, ²H or combinations thereof. Compositions comprising peptides from the SPARC protein, whether isotope labeled or not, do not need to contain all of the peptides from that protein (e.g., a complete set of tryptic peptides). In some embodiments the compositions do not contain one or more, two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, eight or more, or ten or more peptides from SPARC, and particularly peptides appearing in Table 1 or Table 2. Compositions comprising peptides may be in the form of dried or lyophilized materials, liquid (e.g., aqueous) solutions or suspensions, arrays, or blots.

The SPARC tryptic peptides listed in Table 1 include those detected from multiple Liquid Tissue™ lysates of multiple different formalin fixed tissues of different human organs including prostate, colon, and breast. Each of those peptides is considered useful for quantitative SRM/MRM assay of the SPARC protein in formalin fixed tissue. Further data analysis of these experiments indicated no preference is observed for any specific peptides from any specific organ site. Thus, each of these peptides is believed to be suitable for conducting SRM/MRM assays of the SPARC protein on a Liquid Tissue™ lysate from any formalin fixed tissue originating from any biological sample or from any organ site in the body.

An important consideration for conducting an SRM/MRM assay is the type of instrument that may be employed in the analysis of the peptides. Although SRM/MRM assays can be developed and performed on any type of mass spectrometer, including a MALDI, ion trap, or triple quadrupole, the most advantageous instrument platform for SRM/MRM assay is often considered to be a triple quadrupole instrument platform. That type of a mass spectrometer may be considered to be the most suitable instrument for analyzing a single isolated target peptide within a very complex protein lysate that may consist of hundreds of thousands to millions of individual peptides from all the proteins contained within a cell.

In order to most efficiently implement SRM/MRM assay for each peptide derived from the SPARC protein it is desirable to utilize information in addition to the peptide sequence in the analysis. That additional information may be used in directing and instructing the mass spectrometer (e.g. a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer), to perform the correct and focused analysis of specific targeted peptide(s), such that the assay may be effectively performed.

The additional information about target peptides in general, and about specific SPARC peptides, may include one or more of the mono isotopic mass of the peptide, its precursor charge state, the precursor m/z value, the m/z transition ions, and the ion type of each transition ion. Additional peptide information that may be used to develop an SRM/MRM assay for the SPARC protein is shown by example for four (4) of the SPARC peptides from the list in Table 1 and is shown in Table 2. Similar additional information described for these four (4) SPARC peptides shown by example in Table 2 may be prepared, obtained, and applied to the analysis of the other peptides contained in Table 1.

The method described below was used to: 1) identify candidate peptides from the SPARC protein that can be used for a mass spectrometry-based SRM/MRM assay for the SPARC protein, 2) develop individual SRM/MRM assay, or assays, for target peptides from the SPARC protein in order to correlate and 3) apply quantitative assays to cancer diagnosis and/or choice of optimal therapy.

Assay Method

1. Identification of SRM/MRM candidate fragment peptides for the SPARC protein

-   -   a. Prepare a Liquid Tissue™ protein lysate from a formalin fixed         biological sample using a protease or proteases, (that may or         may not include trypsin), to digest proteins     -   b. Analyze all protein fragments in the Liquid Tissue™ lysate on         an ion trap tandem mass spectrometer and identify all fragment         peptides from the SPARC protein, where individual fragment         peptides do not contain any peptide modifications such as         phosphorylations or glycosylations     -   c. Analyze all protein fragments in the Liquid Tissue™ lysate on         an ion trap tandem mass spectrometer and identify all fragment         peptides from the SPARC protein that carry peptide modifications         such as for example phosphorylated or glycosylated residues     -   d. All peptides generated by a specific digestion method from         the entire, full length SPARC protein potentially can be         measured, but preferred peptides used for development of the         SRM/MRM assay are those that are identified by mass spectrometry         directly in a complex Liquid Tissue™ protein lysate prepared         from a formalin fixed biological sample     -   e. Peptides that are specifically modified (phosphorylated,         glycosylated, etc.) in patient tissue and which ionize, and thus         detected, in a mass spectrometer when analyzing a Liquid Tissue™         lysate from a formalin fixed biological sample are identified as         candidate peptides for assaying peptide modifications of the         SPARC protein         2. Mass Spectrometry Assay for Fragment Peptides from SPARC         Protein     -   a. SRM/MRM assay on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer for         individual fragment peptides identified in a Liquid Tissue™         lysate is applied to peptides from the SPARC protein         -   i. Determine optimal retention time for a fragment peptide             for optimal chromatography conditions including but not             limited to gel electrophoresis, liquid chromatography,             capillary electrophoresis, nano-reversed phase liquid             chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, or             reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography         -   ii. Determine the mono isotopic mass of the peptide, the             precursor charge state for each peptide, the precursor m/z             value for each peptide, the m/z transition ions for each             peptide, and the ion type of each transition ion for each             fragment peptide in order to develop an SRM/MRM assay for             each peptide.         -   iii. SRM/MRM assay can then be conducted using the             information from (i) and (ii) on a triple quadrupole mass             spectrometer where each peptide has a characteristic and             unique SRM/MRM signature peak that precisely defines the             unique SRM/MRM assay as performed on a triple quadrupole             mass spectrometer     -   b. Perform SRM/MRM analysis so that the amount of the fragment         peptide of the SPARC protein that is detected, as a function of         the unique SRM/MRM signature peak area from an SRM/MRM mass         spectrometry analysis, can indicate both the relative and         absolute amount of the protein in a particular protein lysate.         -   i. Relative quantitation may be achieved by:             -   1. Determining increased or decreased presence of the                 SPARC protein by comparing the SRM/MRM signature peak                 area from a given SPARC peptide detected in a Liquid                 Tissue™ lysate from one formalin fixed biological sample                 to the same SRM/MRM signature peak area of the same                 SPARC fragment peptide in at least a second, third,                 fourth or more Liquid Tissue™ lysates from least a                 second, third, fourth or more formalin fixed biological                 samples             -   2. Determining increased or decreased presence of the                 SPARC protein by comparing the SRM/MRM signature peak                 area from a given SPARC peptide detected in a Liquid                 Tissue™ lysate from one formalin fixed biological sample                 to SRM/MRM signature peak areas developed from fragment                 peptides from other proteins, in other samples derived                 from different and separate biological sources, where                 the SRM/MRM signature peak area comparison between the 2                 samples for a peptide fragment are normalized to amount                 of protein analyzed in each sample.             -   3. Determining increased or decreased presence of the                 SPARC protein by comparing the SRM/MRM signature peak                 area for a given SPARC peptide to the SRM/MRM signature                 peak areas from other fragment peptides derived from                 different proteins within the same Liquid Tissue™ lysate                 from the formalin fixed biological sample in order to                 normalize changing levels of SPARC protein to levels of                 other proteins that do not change their levels of                 expression under various cellular conditions.             -   4. These assays can be applied to both unmodified                 fragment peptides and for modified fragment peptides of                 the SPARC protein, where the modifications include but                 are not limited to phosphorylation and/or glycosylation,                 and where the relative levels of modified peptides are                 determined in the same manner as determining relative                 amounts of unmodified peptides.         -   ii. Absolute quantitation of a given peptide may be achieved             by comparing the SRM/MRM signature peak area for a given             fragment peptide from the SPARC protein in an individual             biological sample to the SRM/MRM signature peak area of an             internal fragment peptide standard spiked into the protein             lysate from the biological sample             -   1. The internal standard is a labeled synthetic version                 of the fragment peptide from the SPARC protein that is                 being interrogated. This standard is spiked into a                 sample in known amounts, and the SRM/MRM signature peak                 area can be determined for both the internal fragment                 peptide standard and the native fragment peptide in the                 biological sample separately, followed by comparison of                 both peak areas             -   2. This can be applied to unmodified fragment peptides                 and modified fragment peptides, where the modifications                 include but are not limited to phosphorylation and/or                 glycosylation, and where the absolute levels of modified                 peptides can be determined in the same manner as                 determining absolute levels of unmodified peptides.

3. Apply Fragment Peptide Quantitation to Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment

-   -   a. Perform relative and/or absolute quantitation of fragment         peptide levels of the SPARC protein and demonstrate that the         previously-determined association, as well understood in the         field of cancer, of SPARC protein expression to the         stage/grade/status of cancer in patient tumor tissue is         confirmed     -   b. Perform relative and/or absolute quantitation of fragment         peptide levels of the SPARC protein and demonstrate correlation         with clinical outcomes from different treatment strategies,         wherein this correlation has already been demonstrated in the         field or can be demonstrated in the future through correlation         studies across cohorts of patients and tissue from those         patients. Once either previously established correlations or         correlations derived in the future are confirmed by this assay         then the assay method can be used to determine optimal treatment         strategy

FIG. 1 shows an example of a single SRM/MRM assay performed on Liquid Tissue™ lysates from formalin fixed cancer tissue. An SRM/MRM assay was developed for a single peptide for quantitation of the SPARC protein on a triplequadrupole mass spectrometer. Specific and unique characteristics about this SPARC peptide (sequence NVLVTLYER) were developed by analysis of all SPARC peptides on both an ion trap and triple quadrupole mass spectrometers and are shown in FIG. 1A. That information includes the monoisotopic mass of the peptide, its precursor charge state, the precursor m/z value, the transition m/z values of the precursor, and the ion types of each of the identified transitions. That information must be determined experimentally for each and every candidate SRM/MRM peptide directly in Liquid Tissue™ lysates from formalin fixed tissue; because, interestingly, not all peptides from the SPARC protein can be detected in such lysates using SRM/MRM as described herein, indicating that SPARC peptides not detected cannot be considered candidate peptides for developing an SRM/MRM assay for use in quantitating peptides/proteins directly in Liquid Tissue™ lysates from formalin fixed tissue.

As shown in FIG. 1B, this particular SRM/MRM assay was performed on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. A control protein lysate where the peptide was known to be present in large amounts was analyzed because this lysate was prepared from a mouse xenograft tumor that resulted from injection of a human-derived cancer cell line into a nude mouse. Thus this xenograft tumor was the positive control. The experimental sample in this experiment was a Liquid Tissue™ protein lysate prepared from standard formalin fixed, paraffin embedded human breast cancer tissue. Data from the assay indicates the presence of the unique SRM/MRM signature peak for this SPARC peptide in both the control sample (top chromatograph) and the experimental sample (bottom chromatograph). By comparing the SRM/MRM signature peak area between these 2 samples generates relative quantitative measure for the SPARC protein between 2 different biological samples.

FIG. 1C shows quantitative measurement of the above-mentioned peptide across a collection of thirty (30) formalin fixed cancer tissues using an internal standard to achieve absolute quantitation of the SPARC protein across a cohort of cancer-derived patient samples. These data indicate absolute amounts of this SPARC peptide as a function of molar amount of the peptide per microgram of protein lysate analyzed. Assessment of SPARC protein levels in tissues based on analysis of formalin fixed patient-derived tissue can provide diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutically-relevant information about each particular patient. In one embodiment, this disclosure describes a method for measuring the level of the SPARC protein in a biological sample, comprising detecting and/or quantifying the amount of one or more modified or unmodified SPARC fragment peptides in a protein digest prepared from said biological sample using mass spectrometry; and calculating the level of modified or unmodified SPARC protein in said sample; and wherein said level is a relative level or an absolute level. In a related embodiment, quantifying one or more SPARC fragment peptides comprises determining the amount of the each of the SPARC fragment peptides in a biological sample by comparison to an added internal standard peptide of known amount, wherein each of the SPARC fragment peptides in the biological sample is compared to an internal standard peptide having the same amino acid sequence. In some embodiments the internal standard is an isotopically labeled internal standard peptide comprises one or more heavy stable isotopes selected from ¹⁸O, ¹⁷O, ³⁴S, ¹⁵N, ¹³C, ²H or combinations thereof.

The method for measuring the level of the SPARC protein in a biological sample described herein (or fragment peptides as surrogates thereof) may be used as a diagnostic indicator of cancer in a patient or subject. In one embodiment, the results from measurements of the level of the SPARC protein may be employed to determine the diagnostic stage/grade/status of a cancer by correlating (e.g., comparing) the level of SPARC receptor found in a tissue with the level of that protein found in normal and/or cancerous or precancerous tissues. 

1-20. (canceled)
 21. A method for measuring the amount of the Secreted Protein Acidic and Rich in Cysteine (SPARC) protein in a human biological sample of formalin-fixed tissue, comprising detecting and quantifying using mass spectrometry the amount of a SPARC fragment peptide in a protein digest prepared from said human biological sample, wherein the SPARC fragment peptide has the sequence of SEQ ID NO:5; and calculating the level of modified or unmodified DR5 protein in the sample; wherein the amount is a relative amount or an absolute amount, wherein detecting and quantifying the amount of said SPARC fragment peptide in the protein digest indicates the presence of SPARC protein and an association with cancer in the subject.
 22. The method of claim 21, further comprising correlating the results of said detecting and quantifying the amount of said SPARC fragment peptide, or the level of said SPARC protein to the diagnostic stage/grade/status of the cancer.
 23. The method of claim 22, wherein correlating the results of said detecting and quantifying the amount of said SPARC fragment peptide, or the level of said SPARC protein to the diagnostic stage/grade/status of the cancer is combined with detecting and/or quantifying the amount of other proteins or peptides from other proteins in a multiplex format to provide additional information about the diagnostic stage/grade/status of the cancer.
 24. The method of claim 21, further comprising selecting for the subject from which said biological sample was obtained a treatment based on the presence, absence, or amount of said SPARC fragment peptide or the level of SPARC protein.
 25. The method of claim 21, further comprising administering to the patient from which said biological sample was obtained a therapeutically effective amount of a therapeutic agent, wherein the therapeutic agent and/or amount of the therapeutic agent administered is based upon the amount of said SPARC fragment peptide or the level of SPARC protein.
 26. The method of claim 25, wherein said therapeutic agent is directed to cancer cells expressing SPARC protein. 27-31. (canceled)
 32. The method of claim 24, wherein said treatment comprises a therapeutic agent directed to cancer cells expressing SPARC protein 